Atlassino Academy · Blackjack · Lesson 5 of 21
Why you act first, and what it costs
Where the house edge in blackjack comes from, priced hand by hand for the table rules BCLC publishes for B.C. casinos.
Lesson 5 of the blackjack track. How a hand goes, and what hit, stand, double and split do to it, is taken for granted here. Hit, stand, double, split, surrender teaches them. Underneath all of those moves sits one question: where does the price of blackjack come from, and how big is it?
The dealer’s face-up card is a 6, the card the dealer goes over 21 behind more often than any other. You hold a hard 16. On an example bet of $10, what is your hand worth on average?
Dealer
You
The short answer
You play your own hand before the dealer plays the house hand, and a total over 21 is settled the moment it goes over — so once your own total has gone over 21, the 28.6% of hands where the dealer goes over 21 arrive a turn too late to pay you anything. The five things the table lets you do and the dealer may not are the payment for going first, and that payment very nearly covers the bill: played by the full chart, the house keeps 0.53% of every bet.
Leoformer dealer · rules and maths
The question players asked me most, in all those years dealing: how is the house ahead at a game where the dealer has no skill at all? The answer is the order of play. The dealer needs no skill because the dealer goes last, and going last is worth more at this game than any decision is. So we will walk through a hand in the order a hand actually happens at the table.
The order of a hand, and what it settles
A hand of blackjack always happens in the same four steps, and the price of the game is hidden in the order of those four steps rather than in any one of them.
You play your hand first
Every player at the table finishes a hand before the dealer touches the house hand.
Over 21, and the bet is gone
A total over 21 is lost on its own: nobody compares that total with the dealer’s, and nobody waits for the dealer to play. The chips and the cards are picked up on the spot, which cuts the hand off from everything that happens later in the round — the dealer going over 21 included.
Then the dealer plays the house hand
At these tables the dealer draws on any total of 16 or less and on a soft 17, and stops on a hard 17 or more — the same line on every hand, against every player.
Or never plays the house hand at all
If every bet at the table has already been settled, the house hand is never played out.
So the hands where you go over 21 and the dealer goes over 21 as well belong to the house. No rule in the book says that in so many words: your bet simply left the table a turn earlier, and on some of the hands where you go over 21 the dealer never takes a second card at all, because by then there is no bet left at the table to settle.
Dealer
You
Which of two lines the dealer follows is written down before anyone sits down: in BCLC’s rules for B.C., and, at tables where the dealer takes a face-down card, on a sign standing on the felt itself.
Two signs of the kind that stands on the felt. The first sign says the dealer draws on a soft seventeen; the second sign says the dealer stops on every seventeen.
How often the dealer goes over 21
How often the dealer goes over 21 is the number players lean on at the table, and it is a real number. Played out across a whole shoe, the house hand goes over 21 on 28.6% of hands — about one hand in 3.5. The dealer does not go over 21 as often behind every card, though: almost all of the difference hangs on which card the dealer has face up, and that face-up card is the only card of the dealer’s you can read before you decide anything.
| Dealer shows | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | Blackjack | Over 21 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weak cards: 2 to 6 | |||||||
| 2 | 13.0 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 12.6 | 12.0 | – | 35.7 |
| 3 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 12.7 | 12.2 | 11.6 | – | 37.7 |
| 4 | 12.2 | 12.5 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 11.3 | – | 39.8 |
| 5 | 11.8 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 11.2 | 10.9 | – | 42.0 |
| 6 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.0 | 10.6 | – | 43.9 |
| Strong cards: 7 to ace | |||||||
| 7 | 36.9 | 13.8 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.4 | – | 26.2 |
| 8 | 12.9 | 36.0 | 12.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | – | 24.4 |
| 9 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 35.2 | 12.0 | 6.1 | – | 22.9 |
| 10 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 34.0 | 3.5 | 7.7 | 21.2 |
| Ace | 5.7 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 6.6 | 30.9 | 13.9 |
Only the dealer’s face-up card changes from row to row. The six decks and the B.C. dealer rule are the same in every row, and the bar in the last column is the share of hands that end over 21 behind that one card.
- Behind a 7, an 8, a 9, a ten or an ace the house hand goes over 21 on 13.9% to 26.2% of hands — and one of those five cards is the face-up card 61.5% of the time.
- Behind a 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 the house hand goes over 21 on 35.7% to 43.9% of hands. Far more often, that is, and on the smaller share of the deals: the dealer is in trouble much less often than a table full of players feels it to be.
The dealer going over 21 never reaches a hand that has already been collected. That is the whole asymmetry of blackjack in one sentence. How often the dealer goes over 21 is counted with the house hand played out to the rule on every deal, whether a dealer at a table would play that hand or not, and by the time a dealer does play it, some of the bets on the table have already been picked up — yours among them, on every hand where your own total went over 21 first.
Two rows, one above the other. In the upper row your own ten, six and nine make twenty-five, and the bet in front of those three cards is picked up. In the lower row, a turn later, the dealer draws to twenty-five as well, and the bet from the upper row is no longer on the table.
The hands that can go over 21 are yours to play first
Going first would cost you nothing at all if your own hand could not go over 21. Your hand can go over 21, and a great many starting hands are one card away from it — while a starting total of eleven or less cannot be taken over 21 by any single card, because the largest card in the deck is a ten.
Your two cards and the dealer’s face-up card come out of the same shoe, so a hard 12 to 16 turns up against a 7 or better most of the time — the hand where the choice costs you either way, decided before the dealer decides anything.
Leoformer dealer · rules and maths
Here is the part that surprises people. Take the friendliest spot on the whole table: the dealer’s face-up card is a 6, the card the dealer goes over 21 behind more often than any other, and you are already finished on a hard 17. There is nothing left for you to decide on that hand and no more of your money at risk. Watch what the hand is worth anyway.
Dealer
You
A finished hard 17 against a 6 is worth less than nothing. Not nothing — below nothing, on a hand you cannot play badly because there is nothing left to play. Three things can become of the bet on it, and there is no fourth:
| The dealer ends | Share | Your bet |
|---|---|---|
| over 21 | 43.9% | is paid |
| on 17, level with you | 11.5% | comes back, a push |
| on 18 or better | 44.6% | goes to the house |
The dealer going over 21 pays this hand, an equal total gives the bet back, and a finish of 18 or better takes the bet away — and the share that takes the bet away is the largest of the three. Being taken more often than being paid, on a hand with nothing whatever wrong with it, is what going first costs you.
| Your hard total | If you stop | If you take a card |
|---|---|---|
| 16 | −$1.25 | −$4.38 |
| 17 | −$0.10 | −$5.15 |
| 18 | +$2.20 | −$6.10 |
Only at 18 does either move average more than nothing. The hard 16 in the first row is the hand you were asked about before we started. A plus sign means this hand is in your favour on average; it can still lose, and over all hands the house keeps its edge.
A hard 17 against a 6 is not a special case. From hard 12 up to hard 17, against every one of the ten cards the dealer can show — sixty hands in all — no move averages more than nothing. Picking the smaller of two losses is the whole job on those sixty hands, and that job is what the next lessons of the track are for, starting with hard totals.
What the table gives you back
A game built on nothing but that order of play would be unplayable, and nobody would sit down at it twice. So the rules of the table hand five things back to your seat, and the dealer gets none of the five.
| At your seat | You | The dealer |
|---|---|---|
| Two cards to 21 | paid 3 to 2 — half as much again as any other hand of yours that is paid | takes the bets and no more: the house is never paid odds. Equal totals are a push, and the bet comes back |
| A second bet | as much again on a two-card hand, for exactly one more card | never |
| A pair | taken apart into two hands; split aces get one card each | plays the same two cards as one hand |
| A way out | at B.C. tables, give up half the bet before you play and end the hand there | no way out of a hand, anywhere |
| The right to stop | stand on 12 to 16 — the plainest of the five, and the easiest to miss | must draw to 16 |
Which is why playing your own hand the way the dealer is obliged to play the house hand is not a neutral habit. Copying the dealer hands four of those five things straight back to the house: no second bet, no split, no half the bet back, and no stopping on a hard 16 — a blackjack of your own paid at three to two is the only one of the five that survives the habit. Copying the dealer is also a common habit, and one of the three commonest ways people play a hand of blackjack without a chart.
| The habit | What it does to every hand |
|---|---|
| Never going over 21 | Never take a card that could take the hand over 21, which means stopping on every hard 12 or more, whatever the dealer’s face-up card is. |
| Playing like the dealer | Play your own hand by the rule the dealer follows: draw to 16, stop on a hard 17, and use none of the other four things the table allows you and not the dealer. |
| Assuming a ten | Play every hand as though the dealer’s other card were already a ten, whatever the face-up card is. |
The three habits differ only in what the player settles on before the cards come out: that the hand must never go over 21, that the dealer’s rule is the right rule, or that the dealer’s other card is a ten. Playing like the dealer is the middle habit of the three, and the only one of the three with a price on it in the practice table further on.
Played by the full chart, these B.C. rules still leave the house a small share of every bet. The house keeps its edge; the chart only makes it smaller — the correct move cannot decide how a hand ends; what it lowers is the house advantage and the cost of playing.
Neither amount is what one evening will do: a single evening lands a long way from an average in either direction.
And the figure you actually decide is neither of those two amounts: it is how long you sit, because the bill grows with every hand that is dealt. Price of an hour works the second amount out for a bet and a pace of your own. Our Blackjack strategy tool prices the rules posted at your own table, which will not be these rules unless the sign says so.
Mayaformer floor supervisor · manners, money and breaks
The price follows the number of hands, and the number of hands follows how long you sit. So the one decision that moves the price most is made before the first card is dealt: how long you are staying, and how much money the evening gets (Game plan walks you through both decisions). Settle how long and how much before you sit down, or the shoe will settle both for you.
And if the money on the table starts to feel like money you need, no arithmetic on this page is the thing to reach for. Stop there, and call one of the lines below.
If it stops being fun
If gambling stops being entertainment, help is available. 19+ in most of Canada; 18+ in Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec. More on responsible gaming.
Practice: play like the dealer?
Nine hands, and the same question on each one: play the hand the way the dealer is obliged to, or use what the table gives you? Each move is named for you, because choosing between moves yourself is what the later lessons of the track are for. What these nine hands price is the difference between the dealer’s rule and the table’s move, on an example bet of $10.
Nothing is scored here and there is no level to open: on eight of the nine hands the answer is the same one, and a score would only measure how quickly you noticed that. The hand worth slowing down for is the hard 12 against a 7 — on that hand the dealer’s rule and the chart ask for exactly the same card, and both answers count.
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These table rules · six decks · the dealer draws on soft 17 · doubling on any two cards, splitting and surrender allowed
Dealer
You
The dealer has no choice on any hand: draw on 16 or less and on soft 17, stop on hard 17 or more — never double, never split, never give up half. Play your hand that way, or use what the table gives you?
The answer: Use what the table gives you: stop on 16.
The dealer may not stop on 16; you may. On an example bet of $10, stopping on this hand is worth −$1.25 a hand on average and taking a card −$4.38, so playing it the dealer’s way costs $3.13 every time. Both amounts are below nothing: the right to stop makes the loss smaller, it does not turn the hand around.
In our words: draw on 16 or less, and on soft 17;
In our words: and stop drawing at hard 17.
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 8.5 to 8.9 · readIn Blackjack, the dealer is bound by the rules of play: The dealer must stand on 17, continue to draw if a hand is less than 17, and stand when the total is from 17 to 21.OLG PlaySmart · Blackjack — strategies · read
The other eight hands work the same way: the same question, another hand, and every amount worked out by the same engine that priced the hard 17 against a 6 further up.
How the practice table works
The hands. All nine are fixed, not dealt: each one is a position where the dealer’s rule and the chart for these table rules part company, plus one where they agree. The amounts are the average result of each move over every two-card hand of that total, from the same engine that works out the tables on this page, and a cost is the difference between two amounts already rounded to the cent — so the subtraction on the screen comes out.
No score. There is no round, no threshold and no level: this table is a price list in the shape of a hand, not a test. Your mistakes are not kept, and nothing is sent anywhere.
The example bet. Every amount is for an example bet of $10. It is an example, not a suggested bet; at a bet twice as large each amount is about twice as much. There is no balance here and nothing adds up from one hand to the next.
Check yourself
Mayaformer floor supervisor · manners, money and breaks
Five quick ones. Pick an answer, then check it. No timer, no points: just whether it stuck.
And the question at the start
Less than nothing, whichever way you play it — the third of the three answers. A hard 16 against a 6 is worth −$1.25 on an example bet of $10 if you stop and −$4.38 if you take a card: both amounts are below nothing, and the better of the two is only the smaller loss. A 6 really is the card the dealer goes over 21 behind most often, on 43.9% of those hands, and that is still not enough to make the hand worth having — because you had to play your hand first, and most of the shoe takes a hard 16 over 21. That is the whole lesson in one hand.
Where this is played, and further reading
19+ (18+ in AB, MB, QC) · Play responsibly · help, day or night: Gambling Support BC 1-888-795-6111, 24 hours
Further reading
- Rules of Play for Table Games: Blackjack · British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC)The rules this track follows section by section: six decks, the dealer on soft 17, doubling, splitting and surrender.
- Game rules: Blackjack · Loto-Québec (Société des casinos du Québec)Québec’s rules: one to eight decks, a face-down dealer card, and the soft-17 rule left to the sign at the table.
- Playing Blackjack · Fallsview Casino Resort and Casino NiagaraOne Ontario operator’s own booklet, including both blackjack payouts and both dealer rules it may post.
- Blackjack: how to play · OLG PlaySmartOntario’s beginner page: the moves, the hand signals it describes, and what insurance is.
- Know the game: Blackjack · Casinos Regina & Moose Jaw (SaskGaming)A Saskatchewan operator on what the chart does and does not do, and where to pick one up in the building.
- Blackjack basics · Wizard of OddsWhat three common ways of playing blackjack without the chart cost, on that author’s own table.
How it’s worked out
Rules, numbers and hosts
Rules. The table rules published by the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC) for B.C. casinos: six decks from a shoe, the dealer drawing on soft 17, a blackjack paid 3 to 2, doubling on any two cards and after a split, surrender, and no face-down dealer card. It is a preset for learning, not a statement about any one room: read the signs at your table.
Numbers. Every figure on this page is worked out when the page is built, by the same engine as our Blackjack strategy tool. The dealer’s table goes through every order in which the dealer’s cards can come out of a six-deck shoe with the face-up card removed, and plays the house hand out to the rule every time — including the hands a real dealer would not play at all, because every bet at the table had already been settled. The 28.6% figure weights those ten face-up cards by how often each comes out of a full shoe; your own two cards are not taken out, so with them in view the figures shift slightly. The value of a hand is the average result of that move over every two-card hand of the total, per bet; the page shows it in dollars for an example bet of $10, each average rounded to the cent first, so a cost is always the difference of two amounts shown. Against a 10 or an ace a value counts only the hands where the dealer does not hold blackjack, because there your decision changes nothing. The house edge assumes the full chart — hard totals, soft hands and pairs — and cards shuffled after every hand.
What we looked for and did not find. We searched the Canadian rule books and operator pages this track reads for a published figure for how often the dealer goes over 21. The words are there in nearly all of them; a percentage beside the words is in none of the ones we could read. The single place in the rule book we follow where “House Advantage” stands beside a figure is a side bet, not the game itself. That is what a search found, and it is not a claim that nobody publishes such a figure. The published table of the dealer’s chances this track reads says of itself that it is worked out after a check for blackjack, so it is not the same quantity as ours.
What is deliberately absent. There is not one cell of the strategy chart on this page: when to take a card and when to stop is the subject of the lessons that follow this one, and this page prices the order of play instead. The publisher who names the three habits played without a chart also puts a figure on each of the three, and those three figures are left where they stand, in the source note beside the habits — each of them was worked out under that publisher’s own table rules, so setting them in a column beside the house edge above would put two different games on one scale rather than three habits. There is no figure here for how an evening ends either, because nothing on this page can produce one.
Hosts. Leo and Maya are illustrated characters. Their backstories, a former dealer and a former floor supervisor, are written for the course: neither is a real person, and neither speaks for any casino. The rules and numbers on this page come from the sources it cites, not from their experience.
No promise. Blackjack is played against the house. Everything on this page is about the size of the price and where it comes from; nothing here says the game can be played at no cost, and nothing here says how an evening will end.
Going over 21
In our words: Going over 21 is a bust: the bet is lost on the spot, apart from the special cases for doubled and split hands.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 7.1 to 7.3
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
In our words: A busted hand is cleared at once, unless it is a split or doubled hand and the dealer’s face-up card is an ace or a ten-value card.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 8.5 to 8.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
The dealer stops when everyone is settled
In our words: If every player bet is already settled, the dealer does not draw to finish the hand.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 8.5 to 8.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
Splitting a pair
In our words: if your first two cards have the same value, you can split them into separate hands.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 4.4 to 4.4.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
SPLIT, i.e. separate two cards of the same value (e.g. king and 10, pair of 9s) to play more than one hand, for a maximum of four hands.
Section The player options
The dealer rule is on the table
After revealing the house's face-down card, the dealer completes the house's hand, if necessary, according to the house strategy indicated at the table which may either be:
HIT on a count of soft 17 or less and STAND on a count of hard 17 or more, or
HIT on a count of 16 or less and STAND on a count of (soft or hard) 17 or more.
Section The house strategy
The Dealer must draw cards according to the rules posted on the table;
This means that the dealer will hit their hand up to and including an ace or aces that can be totaled as either 7 or 17.
"Dealer Must Stand on 17" - This means that the dealer will hit their hand on anything less than a total of 17.
Section Blackjack
Published dealer odds assume a check
The tables assume the dealer already checked for, and did not have, blackjack.
Wizard of Odds · Blackjack — dealer odds under U.S. rules · read
The order of a hand
In our words: Going over 21 is a bust: the bet is lost on the spot, apart from the special cases for doubled and split hands.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 7.1 to 7.3
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
In our words: A busted hand is cleared at once, unless it is a split or doubled hand and the dealer’s face-up card is an ace or a ten-value card.
In our words: When every player has finished, the dealer plays by fixed rules:
In our words: draw on 16 or less, and on soft 17;
In our words: and stop drawing at hard 17.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 8.5 to 8.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
Going over 21
In our words: Going over 21 is a bust: the bet is lost on the spot, apart from the special cases for doubled and split hands.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 7.1 to 7.3
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
In our words: A busted hand is cleared at once, unless it is a split or doubled hand and the dealer’s face-up card is an ace or a ten-value card.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 8.5 to 8.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
Collected at once
In our words: A busted hand is cleared at once, unless it is a split or doubled hand and the dealer’s face-up card is an ace or a ten-value card.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 8.5 to 8.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
The dealer has no choices
In our words: draw on 16 or less, and on soft 17;
In our words: and stop drawing at hard 17.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 8.5 to 8.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
In Blackjack, the dealer is bound by the rules of play: The dealer must stand on 17, continue to draw if a hand is less than 17, and stand when the total is from 17 to 21.
The dealer stops when everyone is settled
In our words: If every player bet is already settled, the dealer does not draw to finish the hand.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 8.5 to 8.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
The dealer rule is on the table
After revealing the house's face-down card, the dealer completes the house's hand, if necessary, according to the house strategy indicated at the table which may either be:
HIT on a count of soft 17 or less and STAND on a count of hard 17 or more, or
HIT on a count of 16 or less and STAND on a count of (soft or hard) 17 or more.
Section The house strategy
The Dealer must draw cards according to the rules posted on the table;
This means that the dealer will hit their hand up to and including an ace or aces that can be totaled as either 7 or 17.
"Dealer Must Stand on 17" - This means that the dealer will hit their hand on anything less than a total of 17.
Section Blackjack
How the dealer’s hand ends at B.C. tables
Worked out: for each face-up card, every order in which the dealer’s next cards can come out of a six-deck shoe with that card taken out, following the BCLC dealer rule; the 28.6% figure weights those ten cards by how often each one comes out of a full shoe.
In our words: draw on 16 or less, and on soft 17;
In our words: and stop drawing at hard 17.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 8.5 to 8.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
What a hand is paid
In our words: Apart from a blackjack, every paid hand gets even money, 1 to 1.
In our words: A blackjack pays 3 to 2.
In our words: Equal totals are a tie, called a push: the bet stays where it is.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 7.1 to 7.3
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
If the player gets a blackjack, the bet is paid 3 to 2, except when the house's hand is also a blackjack.
Section The payouts, General rules
Doubling on any two cards
In our words: you may double on any first two cards by adding a second bet.
In our words: A doubled hand gets exactly one more card.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 4.3 to 4.3.4.a
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
DOUBLE DOWN, i.e. bet an additional amount equal to their initial bet on a two-card hand, except if the hand is a blackjack.
In any event, once the player doubles down, they are dealt one last card.
Section The player options
Splitting a pair
In our words: if your first two cards have the same value, you can split them into separate hands.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 4.4 to 4.4.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
SPLIT, i.e. separate two cards of the same value (e.g. king and 10, pair of 9s) to play more than one hand, for a maximum of four hands.
Section The player options
In our words: A pair of aces can be split one time, and each ace then gets just one card.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 4.4 to 4.4.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
In the case of a pair of aces, players can split only once and hit for only one additional card for each hand.
Section The player options
When splitting aces, each ace gets only one card.
Surrender at B.C. tables
In our words: after your first two cards and before you act, you may surrender.
In our words: When you surrender, the house keeps half your bet and returns the rest.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 4.5 to 4.5.2
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
The dealer has no choices
In our words: draw on 16 or less, and on soft 17;
In our words: and stop drawing at hard 17.
Section 1.0 Basic Blackjack, 8.5 to 8.9
BCLC · Rules of Play for Table Games — Blackjack · read
In Blackjack, the dealer is bound by the rules of play: The dealer must stand on 17, continue to draw if a hand is less than 17, and stand when the total is from 17 to 21.
Three ways of playing without the chart
Three popular bad strategies encountered at the blackjack table are: never bust, mimic the dealer, and always assume the dealer has a ten in the hole.
This "never bust" strategy results in a house edge of 3.91%.
This "mimic the dealer" strategy results in a house edge of 5.48%.
This "assume a ten" strategy results in a house edge of 10.03%.
What the chart does, and what it does not
Blackjack has an element of skill, but making the statistically correct play does not ensure a winning outcome.
By following basic strategy you can reduce the house advantage and your cost of play.
Pace: hands an hour
This table was given to me anonymously by an executive with a major Strip casino and is used for rating players.
Table “Hands per Hour and Average House Edge”, row “Blackjack”, column “Hands/Hour”: 70
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